Martin Luther King谁知道?用英文!

Martin Luther King谁知道?用英文!
Martin Luther King谁知道?
用英文!

Martin Luther King谁知道?用英文!
出生日期:
1929年1月15日
出生地点:
Atlanta, Georgia, USA
逝世日期:
1968年4月4日
逝世细节:
Memphis, Tennessee, USA. (assassination by gunshot)
原名:
Michael Luther King Jr.
其他名:
Martin Luther King Jr.|Rev. Martin Luther King
身高:
169cm
Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. His father, Martin Luther King, Sr. was a pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. His mother was a school teacher. For Martin, the civil rights movement began one summer in 1935 when he was six years old. Two of his friends did not show up to play ball with him and Martin decided to go looking for them. When he went to one of the boys' house, their mother met him at the front door and told him in a rude tone that her son would not be coming out to play with him that day or any other day because they where white and he was black. Years later, Martin admitted that those cruel words altered the direction of his life. As a teenager, Martin went through school with great distinction. He skipped 9th and 12th grades, and excelled on the violin and as as public speaker. One evening after taking top prize in a debate tournament, Martin and his teacher were riding home on the bus discussing the event, when the driver ordered them to give up their seats for two white passengers that had just boarded. Martin was infuriated as he recalled, "I intended to stay right in my seat and protest." But his teacher convinced him to obey the law and they stood for the remainder of the 90-mile trip. "That night will never leave my memory as long as I live. It was the angriest I had ever been in my life. Never before, or afterward, can I remember myself being so angry," Martin said. Martin entered Morehouse College, his father's alma matter, when he was 15 with the intention to become a doctor or lawyer. After graduating from Morehouse at the age of 19, he decided to enter Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. This private nondenominational college had just 100 students at the time, only six of them were black including him. This was the first time that Martin had lived in a community that was mostly white. He won the highest class ranking and a $1,200 fellowship for graduate school. In 1951, Martin entered Boston University School of Theology to to persue his Ph.D. While he was at Crozer, Martin had attended a lecture by Howard University President Mordecal Johnson, who spoke about Mohandas Gandhi, India's spiritual man whose nonviolent protests freed his country from British rule, which gave Martin as basis for positive change. It was here that Martin met and married his wife Coretta Scott, who was a soprano studying at the New England Conservatory of Music. In 1954, Martin accepted a call to the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama to be its pastor. Despite Coretta's warning that it would not be safe for them in Alabama, the poorest and most racist state in the Union, Martin insisted that they move there. Many local black ministers attended Martin's first sermon at the church, among them was Reverend Ralph Abernathy who congratulated him on his speech and they became fast friends in discussing life and challenges of desegregation. Then an incident changed Martin's life forever. On the cold winter night of December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a 42-year-old black seamstress who worked in a downtown Montgomery department store boarded a bus for her home and sat in the back with the other black passengers. A few stops later, she was ordered to give up her seat to a white passenger who just boarded. Mrs. Parks repeadedly refused, prompting the driver to call the police and arrest her. In response to Mrs. Parks courage, the town's black leaders formed the Montgomery Improvement Association and elected Martin as its leader. The first goal of the MIA was to boycott the city's bus system until public transportation laws where changed. The strike was long, bitter and violent. After a while, when the merchants began to complain that their business were suffering because of the strike, the city responded by filing charges against Martin. While in court to apeal the charges, Martin learned that the U.S. Supreme Court and affirmed the decision by the Alabama Supreme Court that the local laws requiring segregation on buses was unconstitutional. The first civil rights battle was won, but for Martin it was the first of many hard battles. On November 29, 1959, Martin offered his resignation to the members of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, for months earlier he was elected leader of a new organization called the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Martin moved his family to Atlanta and began to establish a regional network of nonviolent organizations. In April 1961, Martin coordinated the SCLC and other advocates of desegregation to take two bus loads of white and black passengers through the South on a "freedom ride" for publicity reasons. In Virgina and North and South Carolina, there where no incidents. But in Anniston, Alabama the ride became a rolling horror when one bus was burned and its passengers beaten by an angry racist white mob. In Birmingham, angry mobs, with some local policemen joining them, greeted the bus with more violence, which was broken up when state police intervened and stopped the chaos. The violence shook Martin and he decided to abandon the freedom rides before someone was killed. But the riders insisted they complete the ride to Montgomery where they where greeted with more violence. In January 1963, Martin arrived in Birmingham with Ralph Abernathy to organize a freedom march aimed to end desegregation. Despite an injunction against the gathering, the protesters marched and were attacked by the police. Three months later, another march was planed with the intent to "turn the other cheek" in response to the violence by the city's police force. As the marchers reached downtown Birmgingham, the police attacked the crowed with high-presser firehoses and police dogs, which many people witnessed on TV, which promped an outcry of support for the marchers. The next day, more marchers repeated the walk and more policemen attacked with firehoses and police dogs leading to a total of 1,200 arrests. On the third day, Martin organzied another march to the city jail. But this time, when the marchers aproached the policemen, none of the police moved and some even let the marchers pass through to continue their march. The nonviolent strategy had worked, in which the merchants of Birmingham called for negotiations and they agreed with local black leaders to integrate lunch counters, fitting rooms, restrooms, and drinking fountains within 90 days. Martin was then called for a rally in Washington D.C. on the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963. Nearly 200,000 people stood in the intense heat listening to the speeches by the members and supporters of the NACCP. By the time Martin was called as the day's final speaker, the crowd was hot and tired. As Martin approached the podium, with his papers containing his speech, he suddenly put them aside and decided to speak from the heart. Martin spoke of freedoms for blacks achieved and not yet achieved. He then spoke words that echo throughout the world to this day, "I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed. 'We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal.' I have that dream." By mid October 1964 Martin had given 350 civil rights speeches and traveled 275,000 miles across the country and worked for 20 hours a day. While in an Atlanta hospital after collapsing from exhaustion, his wife brought in his room a telegram that he had won the Noble Peace Prize. On April 1, 1968, Martin traveled to Memphis, Tennessee to meet with two of his advisors, James Bevel and Jesse Jackson, to discuss organizing a black man's march to Washington to support a strike by the city's sanitation workers. In the late afternoon of April 4, Martin stepped out onto the balcony of the Lorraine Motel where he was staying to speak with Andrew Young. As he saw Jesse Jackson and waved to him for moment, a gunshot rang through the air and Martin Luther King, Jr. was hit in the neck and fell dead from a sniper's bullet. Martin was dead, but the struggle that he started to continue to bring peace and end the racial conflict in the USA continues to this day.